Shekaru 111 sun shude tun da haihuwar Julio Cortázar., wani mahimmin jigo a cikin labari na harshen Mutanen Espanya wanda aikinsa ya canza yadda muke karantawa da ba da labari. A wannan kwanan wata, tarihin rayuwarsa, rubuce-rubucensa, da haɗin gwiwarsa da gaskiya ana sake duba su, ba don son rai ba, amma saboda inganci da karfin kalubalantar mu.
Masanin ɗan gajeren tsari da kuma labari wanda ya ƙi biyayya, Cortázar ya bar hanyar littattafai, darussa, da haruffa waɗanda suka bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake ci gaba da karanta shi tare da sadaukarwa. Daga cikin jaruman bugawa akwai Bestiario da Hopscotch, amma kuma cronopios, famas da kuma hanyar tunani game da sana'a da ya sanya shi a matsayin hankali mai aiki na zamaninsa.
Rayuwa, horo da hanya zuwa Paris
An haife shi kwatsam a ciki Ixelles (Brussels) a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 1914, a cikin mahallin yakin duniya na farko. Daga nan ya tafi tare da iyalansa zuwa Switzerland da Spain kafin ya zauna a Banfield (Lardin Buenos Aires). ciwon yara Ya dade a gadon shi kuma, a madadin haka, ya kaddamar da shi cikin tsantsar karatun da ya siffanta hankalinsa.
A cikin talatin ya samu lakabin malami (1932) sannan ya fara karatun Falsafa da adabi. Ya koyar da darasi kuma ya buga suka, kuma yayi aiki a matsayin malami a ciki Bolívar, Saladillo da Chivilcoy, da kuma a National University of Cuyo, a Mendoza, har yayi murabus saboda dalilai na siyasa.
A shekarar 1951 ya koma Paris tare da tallafin karatu, fara zaɓaɓɓen hijira wanda zai zama tabbatacce. Can ya yi aiki a matsayin fassara a UNESCO kuma yakan yi tafiya akai-akai. Fassarar Edgar Allan Poe, da sauransu, ya shafi tunaninsa kuma ya bar ta a kan labaransa na farko.
Ya karya sunansa da Basarake (1951), ya kara da cewa daga baya Makamai na sirri y Kyautar (1960) -wanda aka yi ciki a wani bangare na kofuna a mashaya City City -, kafin babban tsalle tare da Hopscotch (1963). A cikin rayuwa ta ƙarshe, an buga laccocinsa na kwaleji na 1980 a Berkeley azaman azuzuwan adabi (2013, bugun bayan mutuwa).
Ya mutu a Paris, Fabrairu 12, 1984 saboda cutar sankarar bargo, yana da shekaru 69. Abin da ya gada bai iyakance ga gwaji na yau da kullun ba: Magana game da 'yanci mai salo da ƙwaƙƙwaran wallafe-wallafe, masu bi a duk faɗin duniya suna la'akari da shi a matsayin nuni na 'yanci na salo da kuma tsangwama na wallafe-wallafe.
Ayyuka, amsawa da sadaukarwar jama'a
Hopscotch Abin mamaki ne ga labari a cikin Mutanen Espanya: surori 155, karatu marar mizani tare da “ allo” wanda ke gayyatar ku ku fara daga babi na 73 kuma ku tsallake, da ma’aurata da ba za a manta da su ba -Horacio Oliveira and the Maga-. Abin da ake kira "anti-novel" ya sa mai karatu ya yanke shawarar yadda za a ci gaba da wasa tare da yiwuwar ƙarewa.
Matsayinsa a cikin Latin Amurka girma Ya danganta shi da Borges, Vargas Llosa, Fuentes da García Márquez. Gabo ya yi nisa har ya kwatanta shi, a zahiri, kamar babban hali a cikin jama'a kuma abin so a cikin sirri, da kuma nuna farin ciki da ƙarfi-da kyawun aiki-na aikin da aka ƙaddara ya dawwama.
con Labarun Cronopios da Famas (1962) ya taso da wasa na haraji na halayen ɗan adam -da cronopiosda fama da kuma fatan- kuma maimaita umarni da kamannin eccentric game da rayuwar yau da kullum. A cikin labaransa na Duk yana kunna wuta o Makamai na sirri ya sami ainihin inda yake ban mamaki soki na gaske, kamar a cikin "Hanyar Kudu" ko "Gidan An Karɓa."
Nasa azuzuwan adabi (Berkeley, 1980; 2013 edition) ya bayyana koyarwar Cortázar: tattaunawa ba tare da lamuni ba, zaman taro game da sana'arsa da kuma asalin rubutun.
Wadannan wasu ne muhimman ayyuka don shigar da sararin samaniya da ƙarfafa ku kara karanta labarai da tatsuniyoyi:
- Bala'i (1951) - babban littafin labarun farko.
- Abubuwan Chronopios da labaran shahara (1962) - ban dariya, shayari da wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya.
- Hopscotch (1963) - karya tsarin ba da labari na gargajiya.
- Lambobin yabo (1960) - wani labari da aka ɗauka tsakanin tattaunawa da wuraren shakatawa na Buenos Aires.
- Duk yana kunna wuta (1966) - labarun inda kasan karya na rayuwar yau da kullun ke ƙonewa.
- Littafin Manuel (1973) - siyasa da mahimmanci a cikin tafiyarsa.
Sa hannun jama'a ba shela ba: ya kasance gaban da kankare ayyukaA cikin 1967, a cikin wasika zuwa ga Roberto Fernández Retamar, ya bayyana marubucin a matsayin shaida zamaninsa, sadaukar da adalci ga zamantakewa ba tare da mayar da fasaha cikin ƙasida ba. Wannan tashin hankali na ɗabi'a kuma yana bayyana a cikin "Buɗewar Wasika zuwa Francisco Urondo."
A cikin 1973 ya tauraro a cikin wani scene wanda ya zama almara: Ya bayyana da asuba a gidan yarin Devoto ziyarci abokai da aka daure (daga cikinsu Paco Urondo da Pedro Cazes Camarero). Bayan ya bukaceta ya shiga ya zauna suna magana. ya kawo kudi - sneak leken Littafin Manuel, bisa ga rahotanni - don tallafawa yan uwan fursunonin siyasa kuma ya ƙare tashoshi wanda ke taimakawa ga adadi kamar Ortega Peña da Duhalde. Wannan kamshin nasa ya takaita kwance damarar barkwanci da kuma tabbatar da hadin kai.
Littafin Manuel An gamu da rikici saboda ta yanayin siyasa gudun hijira da dama. A gare shi, duk da haka, yana wakiltar babban mataki: daga ni zuwa gare ku (ko vos), sauyin ɗabi'a da adabi wanda ya yi iƙirari a matsayin jigon aikinsa.
A komawarsa ta ƙarshe zuwa Argentina (1983) ya riga ya kasance cikin rashin lafiya; Ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Paris. Cutar sankarar bargo ta ci shi a 1984., amma muryarsa ta kasance cikin labarai, litattafai, darussa da waƙoƙi - kamar rubutu mai wuya da ƙauna Ƙasar mahaifa, wanda ke ɗaukar kallon rashin daidaituwa ga ainihi da ƙasa.
Tunawa da Cortázar a yau Shi ne a koma ga marubucin wanda ya sanya hasashe hanyar tunani, abin dariya a matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci, da kuma rubuta wurin haɗari: mai karatu, malami, mai fassara, mai ba da labari kuma ɗan ƙasa wanda har yanzu yana gayyatar mu mu karanta daban-daban kuma mu kalli gaskiyar ba tare da gajerun hanyoyi ba.